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Operational Excellence AWS Direct Connect Use a physical, private, and dedicated connection from your on premises location to your AWS environment. You can monitor AWS Direct Connect connections using Amazon CloudWatch to collect and process raw data from AWS Direct Connect into readable, near real-time metrics. You can consolidate these metrics in CloudWatch and build…

Amazon Aurora provides built-in replication as part of its Aurora DB Cluster architecture, which is different from Aurora Read Replicas in terms of how they are implemented and used. Let’s break down the differences between Aurora DB Cluster built-in replication and Aurora Read Replicas: 1. Aurora DB Cluster Built-in Replication Key Benefits of Aurora DB…

AWS Transfer Family is a fully managed service that provides secure file transfer over SFTP, FTPS, and FTP into and out of AWS Amazon S3 or Amazon EFS. It allows businesses to migrate, automate, and scale their file transfer workloads without needing to maintain dedicated file transfer infrastructure. Key Features of AWS Transfer Family Use…

Vault Lock vs. S3 Object Lock Feature Vault Lock (Glacier) S3 Object Lock Applies to Entire Vault Individual Objects Compliance Enforcement Vault-wide Policy Per-object WORM settings Retention Control Time-based Policy Retention periods per object Modification After Locking No changes allowed Object retention settings can be extended 2. Retention Modes S3 Object Lock supports two modes:…

Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose buffer size determines how much data Firehose collects before delivering it to the destination. This affects performance, latency, and cost. 🔹 Key Parameters for Buffering Kinesis Data Firehose buffers data using two settings: Firehose delivers data when either the buffer size is met or the buffer interval expires. Destination Buffer Size…

In Amazon Kinesis, shards and partitions are terms related to the way data is distributed and processed in Kinesis streams, but they refer to different concepts: Shard: A shard is the basic unit of capacity within an Amazon Kinesis stream. It acts as a container for the stream’s data and is responsible for: Each shard…

AWS SNS Throttling Limits In Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS), throttling refers to the restriction on the rate at which you can publish or deliver messages. Throttling limits ensure that the service operates efficiently and prevents excessive resource consumption, which could lead to outages or performance degradation. SNS Throttling Limits Overview Here are the primary…

Scability

RDS (Amazon Relational Database Service) supports Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) backups and manual snapshots, each serving different purposes. Here’s how they compare: RDS PITR Backups Manual Backups (Snapshots) When to Use What? Scenario Use PITR Use Manual Snapshots Accidental data loss (e.g., unintended DELETE or DROP command) ✅ ❌ Disaster recovery planning ✅ ✅ Long-term backups…

Yes, in Amazon S3, you can transition object versions between different storage classes, but the ability to do so depends on the versioning configuration of your bucket. Here are the key points to understand when moving versions between storage classes in Amazon S3: 1. Versioning and Object Lifecycle When versioning is enabled for an S3…

AWS Nitro Enclaves Overview AWS Nitro Enclaves is a feature of the AWS Nitro System that allows you to create isolated compute environments within Amazon EC2 instances. These enclaves provide an extra layer of security by ensuring that sensitive data and workloads can be processed in a secure and isolated environment, without the risk of…

Amazon S3 Object Lambda is a feature of Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) that allows you to add your own processing to the data as it is retrieved from an S3 bucket. With S3 Object Lambda, you can customize and modify the content of objects when they are accessed without having to change the objects…

Amazon S3 provides strong read-after-write consistency for all objects, including overwrite PUTS and DELETES. This means that when you write an object or overwrite an existing object, subsequent reads of that object will immediately reflect the latest changes. Here’s a more detailed look at S3 Read-Write Consistency: 1. Read-After-Write Consistency 2. S3 Consistency Model Historically,…

ELB Health Checks Overview Amazon Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) health checks are a critical feature that helps ensure traffic is routed only to healthy instances. By performing regular health checks, ELB monitors the state of the targets (EC2 instances) in a target group and ensures that only healthy instances receive traffic. If an instance is…

Yes, Auto Scaling Groups (ASGs) can integrate with Capacity Reservations in AWS, but it’s important to understand how they work together. How ASG and Capacity Reservations Work Together: Steps to Use ASG with Capacity Reservations: Key Considerations: Example Scenario:

S3 Intelligent-Tiering access tiers The following section explains the different automatic and optional access tiers. When objects move between access tiers, the storage class remains the same (S3 Intelligent-Tiering). Frequent Access tier (automatic)This is the default access tier that any object created or transitioned to S3 Intelligent-Tiering begins its lifecycle in. An object remains in…

Amazon EFS can be backed by FSx for Lustre when used together, especially in scenarios where you need to leverage the high-performance capabilities of FSx for Lustre while using EFS for more general-purpose file storage. Here’s how this works: How It Works: Example Use Case: Benefits: Key Points:

AWS Spot Instances are a cost-effective way to run applications on Amazon EC2 by taking advantage of unused AWS compute capacity. Spot Instances are available at a significant discount compared to On-Demand Instances (up to 90%), but they come with the tradeoff that AWS can terminate them at any time if the capacity is needed…

Spot Fleet is a service provided by AWS that helps you manage Spot Instances in a more flexible and scalable way. A Spot Fleet allows you to launch and manage a collection of Spot Instances across multiple instance types, availability zones, and pricing models. It’s designed to ensure that you can meet the desired capacity…

In Amazon ECS (Elastic Container Service), there are three primary network modes that define how containers interact with networking and how their networking is configured. These network modes are bridge, host, and awsvpc. bridge Network Mode (default for EC2 launch type) In bridge mode, containers are connected to a virtual bridge network on the EC2…

Amazon FSx is a fully managed service that provides high-performance file systems for use with Amazon Web Services (AWS). It offers a variety of file storage options tailored to different workloads. Here’s an overview of the different types of Amazon FSx: Amazon FSx for Windows File Server Amazon FSx for Lustre Amazon FSx for OpenZFS…

Key Pricing Components: Storage Costs: Standard Storage: ~$0.30 per GB per month. Infrequent Access (IA) Storage: ~$0.025 per GB per month. Data Transfer Costs: Data Transfer Between EC2 and EFS: Data transfer between EC2 instances and EFS is free within the same Availability Zone. Data Transfer Between AZs: If you use multi-AZ deployment for EFS,…

Provisioned IOPS (PIOPS) Volume Type Supports Provisioned IOPS? Max IOPS Best For io1 ✅ Yes 64,000 High-performance databases (MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL) io2 ✅ Yes 256,000 Mission-critical applications (SAP HANA, high-throughput databases) gp3 ✅ Yes (Customizable IOPS) 16,000 Cost-effective high-performance workloads gp2 ❌ No (Burstable only) 16,000 (burst) General workloads (web servers, dev/test) st1/sc1 ❌ No…

Amazon EBS Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR) Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR) allows you to create low-latency and instant-ready Amazon EBS volumes from snapshots, avoiding the usual initialization delay. Normally, when you restore an EBS volume from a snapshot, it experiences lazy loading, which can cause high latency for the first read operations. FSR eliminates this issue….

AWS Reserved Instances (RIs) come in two primary types: Standard Reserved Instances and Convertible Reserved Instances. Both offer significant cost savings compared to On-Demand pricing in exchange for committing to a 1- or 3-year term, but they differ in terms of flexibility, usage, and savings. 1. Standard Reserved Instances (RIs) Key Characteristics: Use Case: Pros:…

When using AWS Spot Instances, you have the option to choose between two types of request behaviors: These two types of requests determine how AWS manages your Spot Instance lifecycle and how they handle interruptions. Let’s look at the differences: 1. One-Time Spot Instance Requests: Description: Key Features: Use Cases: 2. Persistent Spot Instance Requests:…

AWS Savings Plans are a flexible pricing model offered by Amazon Web Services that provide significant cost savings compared to on-demand pricing. Essentially, by committing to a consistent amount of usage for one or three years, you can save up to 72% on certain AWS services. There are two main types of Savings Plans: Key…

AWS provides different types of network interfaces to optimize networking performance based on use cases. The three main network interfaces are Elastic Network Interface (ENI), Elastic Network Adapter (ENA), and Elastic Fabric Adapter (EFA). Here’s a comparison: Feature ENI (Elastic Network Interface) ENA (Elastic Network Adapter) EFA (Elastic Fabric Adapter) Purpose General-purpose networking High-performance networking…

Policy Boundary vs SCP Feature IAM Policy Boundary Service Control Policies (SCPs) Scope Applied to individual IAM users/roles Applied to all IAM users/roles within an AWS account or organization Function Defines maximum allowable permissions for a user or role Restricts permissions for all IAM users/roles in an account or organizational unit Granularity Granular, tied to…

Here’s a short comparison table between AWS MGN, AWS DR, and CloudEndure to highlight their key features: Feature AWS MGN (Application Migration Service) AWS DR (Disaster Recovery) CloudEndure (Disaster Recovery) Primary Focus Lift-and-shift migration of workloads to AWS Disaster recovery and failover solutions Disaster recovery with minimal downtime Use Case Migration of physical, virtual, and…

Supported transfers in the same AWS account DataSync supports transfers between the following storage resources that are associated with the same AWS account. Source (from) Destination (to) NFS SMB HDFS Object storage Amazon S3 (in AWS Regions) Amazon EFS Amazon FSx for Windows File Server FSx for LustreFSx for OpenZFSFSx for ONTAP Amazon S3 (in…

Agent-based vs Agentless: Key Differences Feature Agent-based Migration Agentless Migration Agent Installation Required on each source machine No agent installation Replication Method Block-level replication with detailed data transfer Uses a connector to replicate data Best for Physical servers, VM-based environments (e.g., VMware, Hyper-V) Large VMware environments or where agent installation is impractical Setup Complexity More…

Transfer Type Within Same Region? Pricing Between instances in the same AZ ✅ Yes Free Between instances in different AZs (same region) ✅ Yes $0.01 per GB Between AWS services (S3, RDS, etc.) in the same region ✅ Yes Free (for most cases) Between AWS regions (inter-region transfer) ❌ No $0.02 per GB (varies by…

Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose and Amazon Kinesis Data Streams are both part of the Kinesis family of services for handling real-time data streams, but they are designed for different use cases and have distinct characteristics. Here’s a comparison to help clarify their differences: 1. Purpose and Use Cases: 2. Data Processing: 3. Scalability: 4. Data…

Org LB Integration Misc

IAM Role for Service Accounts (IRSA) Feature of Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) that allows Kubernetes service accounts to assume IAM roles. This integration enables Kubernetes workloads (like pods) running on EKS to securely interact with AWS services without requiring static AWS credentials (such as access keys or secrets) within the application or pod. With…

AWS RAM (Resource Access Manager) is a service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that enables customers to share AWS resources across different AWS accounts or within their organization in AWS Organizations. It helps streamline resource management by making it easier to share resources securely with other accounts or organizational units (OUs), reducing the need…

Amazon Cognito offers two main components for managing user authentication and identity management: User Pools and Identity Pools. Both are used in different scenarios and have distinct purposes. Here’s a comparison to help clarify the differences between them: Amazon Cognito User Pool: A User Pool is primarily focused on user authentication, and it provides a…

Comparison of Application Migration Service, Database Migration Service, and Mainframe Modernization Service: Feature Application Migration Service (AMS) Database Migration Service (DMS) Mainframe Modernization Service Purpose Migrate entire applications (OS, configurations, data) to AWS Migrate databases between environments (on-prem to cloud or cloud to cloud) Migrate and modernize mainframe workloads to AWS Migration Type Lift-and-shift (rehosting…

AWS Disaster Recovery (DR) refers to the strategies, tools, and services that help organizations recover their IT infrastructure and applications in the event of a disaster, such as an outage, system failure, or natural disaster. AWS provides a range of services and approaches that enable businesses to build a resilient disaster recovery solution to quickly…

Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration and Amazon CloudFront are both services designed to improve the performance of delivering content from Amazon S3 to end users, but they have different use cases and operate in different ways. Here’s a comparison of the two: S3 Transfer Acceleration Overview: S3 Transfer Acceleration is a feature of Amazon S3 that…

Feature Standard Queue FIFO Queue Throughput Unlimited 300 TPS (default) 3,000 TPS (with high-throughput mode) Message per second Virtually unlimited Limited to configured TPS Ordering Best-effort (out of order possible) Strictly ordered Duplicates Possible (at-least-once delivery) No duplicates (exactly-once processing) Latency Tens of milliseconds Slightly higher due to ordering enforcement Message Size Up to 256…

AWS Secrets Manager vs AWS KMS (Key Management Service) Both AWS Secrets Manager and AWS Key Management Service (KMS) are used for security and encryption, but they serve different purposes. Feature AWS Secrets Manager AWS KMS (Key Management Service) Purpose Manages and rotates sensitive secrets (passwords, API keys, database credentials, etc.) Manages and controls cryptographic…

Amazon DynamoDB Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) Amazon DynamoDB Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) allows you to restore a table to a specific point in time within the past 35 days. It provides continuous backup to protect against accidental deletions, data corruption, or unintended write operations. 1. Key Features of PITR Auto Scaling for DynamoDB Tables refers to the…

AWS Systems Manager (SSM) is a centralized management service that helps automate, monitor, and secure AWS and on-premises infrastructure. It simplifies operations, troubleshooting, patching, and security management. 1. Key Features of AWS Systems Manager a) Session Manager (Secure Remote Access) b) SSM Run Command (Automate Tasks Remotely) c) Patch Manager (Automated Patching) d) Parameter Store…

Here’s a table that compares AWS Transit Gateway, AWS CloudHub, and AWS Cloud WAN based on various aspects: Feature AWS Transit Gateway AWS CloudHub AWS Cloud WAN Purpose Centralized hub for VPC and on-premises connections Connects VPCs across multiple regions using VPN Global network management across AWS regions and on-premises Primary Use Case VPC-to-VPC communication,…

Amazon AppRunner, AWS Batch, and AWS Lambda are three different services offered by AWS to run applications and workloads, but they are designed for different use cases. Let’s compare them based on various factors: 1. Purpose and Use Case 2. Event-Driven vs. Scheduled Workloads 3. Scalability 4. Resource Management and Control 5. Execution Duration 6….

Amazon Pinpoint is an AWS service for customer engagement and communication. It enables businesses to send targeted, personalized messages across multiple channels, including email, SMS, push notifications, and voice messages. Pinpoint is commonly used for marketing campaigns, transactional messaging, and customer analytics. Key Features of Amazon Pinpoint 1. Multi-Channel Messaging Amazon Pinpoint allows you to…

AWS IAM Policy Conditions allow you to apply specific constraints or rules to control access in your AWS environment. These conditions can be used in IAM policies (Identity and Access Management) to refine permissions based on attributes, such as time of day, source IP, or the presence of tags, among others. Conditions help you to…

AppFlow AWS AppFlow is a fully managed integration service that allows you to securely transfer data between AWS services and SaaS applications like Salesforce, SAP, Slack, and ServiceNow—without writing custom code. It helps automate data ingestion, synchronization, and transformation, making it easier to manage workflows across different platforms. Key Features of AWS AppFlow 1. No-Code…

Requester’s Pays is an Amazon S3 feature that allows the requester (the user or application) to bear the costs associated with data transfer when accessing objects from a bucket. By default, the bucket owner incurs the costs of data retrieval and transfer, but with Requester’s Pays enabled, the requester is responsible for these costs. When…

Amazon EventBridge is a fully managed event bus service that makes it easier to connect applications using data from a variety of sources. It allows you to create event-driven applications by routing real-time events from your applications, integrated AWS services, and third-party SaaS apps to other AWS services for processing. Key Features of Amazon EventBridge:…

Amazon CloudFront and AWS Global Accelerator are both services provided by AWS that help optimize the delivery of content and applications, but they serve different purposes and have distinct use cases. Amazon CloudFront CloudFront is a Content Delivery Network (CDN) service that caches and delivers content (e.g., HTML, images, videos, API responses) from edge locations…

AWS CloudFront is a fast, highly secure Content Delivery Network (CDN) service that delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to users worldwide with low latency. It works by caching content in multiple edge locations globally to provide fast access to end users. Global Edge Network – Uses AWS’s network of edge locations and regional caches…

ENI Elastic Network Interfaces (ENIs), are virtual network interfaces that can be attached to EC2 instances in a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). They allow instances to communicate within the AWS network and externally. ENA Elastic Network Adapter (ENA) is a high-performance network interface used in AWS for enhanced networking. ENA is designed to deliver high…

AWS PrivateLink enables private connectivity between Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) and AWS services, third-party SaaS applications, or on-premises environments without exposing traffic to the public internet. AWS provides the following types of VPC endpoints under PrivateLink: 1. Interface Endpoint An Interface Endpoint allows you to send TCP or UDP traffic to an endpoint service using…

Summary AWS PrivateLink is a highly available, scalable technology that you can use to privately connect your VPC to services and resources as if they were in your VPC. You do not need to use an internet gateway, NAT device, public IP address, AWS Direct Connect connection, or AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection to allow communication…

A VPC endpoint enables customers to privately connect to supported AWS services and VPC endpoint services powered by AWS PrivateLink. Amazon VPC instances do not require public IP addresses to communicate with resources of the service. Traffic between an Amazon VPC and a service does not leave the Amazon network. VPC endpoints are virtual devices….

AWS PrivateLink vs. VPC Gateway Endpoint AWS provides multiple ways to connect to its services privately, without exposing traffic to the public internet. Two primary options for secure private connectivity are AWS PrivateLink and VPC Gateway Endpoints. Both allow you to communicate with AWS services or third-party services without going through the public internet, but…

Options Option Use Case Advantages Limitations VPC peering AWS-provided network connectivity between two VPCs. Leverages AWS managed scalable networking infrastructure VPC peering does not support transitive peering relationshipsDifficult to manage at scale AWS Transit Gateway AWS-provided regional router connectivity for VPCs AWS managed high availability and scalability serviceRegional network hub for up to 5,000 attachments…

AWS Transit Gateway and AWS CloudHub are both services designed to help connect multiple VPCs and other networks (on-premises, remote offices, etc.), but they differ significantly in terms of architecture, use cases, and how they manage network connectivity. Let’s break down the key differences: 1. AWS Transit Gateway: Overview: AWS Transit Gateway (TGW) is a…

AWS Config is a service that tracks, audits, and evaluates AWS resource configurations to ensure compliance, security, and best practices. It continuously monitors resource changes and maintains a history for governance and troubleshooting. Key Features of AWS Config

AWS CloudTrail is a service that enables governance, compliance, and operational and risk auditing of your AWS account. It records AWS API calls and user activity, providing detailed event logs for security and troubleshooting. Key Features of AWS CloudTrail

AWS CloudWatch is a monitoring and observability service that provides real-time insights into AWS resources, applications, and infrastructure. It helps track metrics, collect and analyze logs, set alarms, and automate responses to system changes. Key Features of AWS CloudWatch

AWS Route 53 is a scalable and highly available Domain Name System (DNS) web service by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It is designed to route end-user requests to AWS services (like EC2 instances, S3 buckets, or CloudFront distributions) as well as external resources. Key Features of AWS Route 53 Domain Registration – Register and manage…

Service Name Category Use Case Key Features AWS Resource Access Manager (RAM) Resource Management Share AWS resources (like VPC subnets, Transit Gateways) across AWS accounts securely within an organization. Resource sharing across accounts, supports VPC subnets, Transit Gateway, license configurations, centralized management. AWS Secrets Manager Security & Data Protection Securely store, manage, and retrieve sensitive…

AWS Artifact is a service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that offers on-demand access to AWS’s compliance reports, security and compliance documentation, and AWS’s certifications. It is designed to help customers meet various compliance and audit requirements by providing resources that demonstrate how AWS meets specific regulatory, security, and compliance standards. Key Features of…

Amazon Macie is a fully managed data security and data privacy service provided by AWS. It helps you automatically discover, classify, and protect sensitive data, particularly personal data (such as personally identifiable information, or PII), stored in Amazon S3. Macie uses machine learning (ML) and pattern matching to identify sensitive data and provide insights into…

AWS Firewall Manager is a security management service offered by AWS that allows you to centrally configure and manage firewall rules across your AWS environment. It’s primarily used to manage and enforce security policies across multiple accounts, regions, and VPCs (Virtual Private Clouds) within an AWS Organization. Key Features: Centralized Firewall Management: You can create…

AWS Network Firewall is a managed, flexible, and scalable firewall service designed to provide network traffic filtering for Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). It helps protect your VPCs and applications by controlling both inbound and outbound traffic. AWS Network Firewall is integrated with other AWS security services, enabling you to build a comprehensive security posture…

WS Shield is a managed Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) protection service that safeguards applications running on AWS from network and application layer attacks. AWS Shield helps protect applications against the most common types of DDoS attacks, ensuring that your applications remain available and performant even during large-scale attacks. AWS Shield offers two levels of…

AWS WAF is a managed web application firewall service that helps protect your web applications from common web exploits that could affect application availability, compromise security, or consume excessive resources. It allows you to create custom security rules to block or allow traffic based on specific conditions, such as IP addresses, HTTP headers, request body,…

AWS Security Token Service (STS) is a web service that allows you to request temporary, limited-privilege credentials for AWS services. These credentials are typically used to authenticate users or services for a specific period of time, allowing them to access AWS resources securely without using long-term IAM credentials. STS helps manage and secure access to…

AWS Identity Center (formerly AWS Single Sign-On) is a service that enables centralized identity and access management across multiple AWS accounts and cloud applications. It provides a way to manage user authentication, authorization, and access control efficiently. Key Features of AWS Identity Center: Common Use Cases: AWS Identity Center consists of several key components that…

AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a web service that helps you securely manage access to AWS resources. IAM enables you to create and manage users, groups, and permissions, allowing you to control access to AWS services and resources in a secure and flexible manner. Key Features of AWS IAM: User and Group Management:…

Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service provided by AWS that enables developers and data scientists to quickly build, train, and deploy machine learning (ML) models at scale. It provides a broad set of tools and capabilities that streamline the machine learning workflow, making it easier to develop and deploy ML solutions, from data processing…

Feature Amazon CloudSearch Amazon OpenSearch Core Use Case Simple search use cases (e-commerce, content, logs) Complex search and analytics (logs, metrics, BI, APM) Customizability Limited customization Full customization (advanced ranking, scoring) Search Features Full-text, faceted search, geo-spatial search Full-text, faceted, geo-spatial, advanced querying, analytics Machine Learning Integration No ML features Supports ML (e.g., anomaly detection,…